SESSION 1:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 2
I WISH, IF ONLY CLAUSES
We use wish and if only to talk about things that we would like to be different in either the present or the past. If only is usually a bit stronger than wish. It means "Ojalá".
In the present
We can use wish/if only + a past form to talk about a present situation we would like to be different.
I wish you didn't live so far away. If only we knew what to do. He wishes he could afford a holiday.
In the past
We can use wish/if only + a past perfect form to talk about something we would like to change about the past.
They wish they hadn't eaten so much chocolate. They're feeling very sick now. If only I'd studied harder when I was at school.
In the future
We can use wish + would(n't) to show that we are annoyed with what someone or something does or doesn't do. We often feel that they are unlikely or unwilling to change.
I wish you wouldn't borrow my clothes without asking. I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water. She wishes he'd work less. They never spend any time together.
SESSION 2:
PASSIVE VOICE
SESSION 3:
IMPERSONAL PASSIVES &
CAUSATIVE
The Impersonal Passive
If you want to be more formal in speech or in writing, you can use the impersonal passive.
Instead of saying ‘People think that drugs are dangerous’, which is the active form, we can say ‘It is thought that drugs are dangerous’. We can also use ‘Drugs are thought to be dangerous’.
The forms are:
It + be + past participle of reporting verb + that
Ob + be+ past participle of reporting verb+to + clause
Instead of using said or thought, you can use believed, claimed, estimated or other reporting verbs.
a) It is saidthat classical music is the most mathematical of all music.
b) Classical music is said to be the most mathematical of all music.
The Causative
Very simply, the causative form shows that other people do an action for us.
The form is:
Sb + have sth + past participle.
We use it for two reasons, 1) to show that someone arranges for someone else to do an action for them, and 2) to talk about a negative situation which was definitely not arranged.
c) I have had my hair cut at the same salon for ten years.
d) I had my car broken into last night. I was so upset.
It is possible to use get instead of have, but that makes the form more informal.
Exercises:
1. Change the sentence from the active to the impersonal passive:
a) People believe that smoking is very bad for you.
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b) People think that not doing exercise can make you fat.
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c) People say that money makes the world go around.
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d) People admit that they don’t sleep as much as they should.
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2. Correct these Causative sentences:
e) Why don’t you to cut your hair done professionally?
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f) While I do my shopping, I am having my car cleaned.
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g) She always has does her nails done in the salon.
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h) He always have his coffee made for him by the time he gets to work.
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